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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the wetting behaviors of Sn-5Sb-CuNiAg solders on copper substrates in different soldering processes and the effects of alloying elements on the wettability.

Sn-5Sb-CuNiAg solder balls (750 µm in diameter) were spread and wetted on 40 × 40 × 1 mm copper plates, in different fluxes, soldering temperatures and time. The contact angles were obtained by a home-made measuring instrument. The samples were polished and deep etched before analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to identify the composition of the joints.

The effects of different soldering processes and alloying elements on the wetting behaviors of Sn-5Sb-CuNiAg solders on copper substrates were calculated and expounded. The rosin-based flux could effectively remove oxidation layers and improve the wettability of Sn-5Sb-CuNiAg solders. Then with the increase of soldering temperature and time, the contact angles decreased gradually. The soldering processes suited for Sn-5Sb-CuNiAg solders were RMA218, 280°C and 30 s. Considered the effects of alloying elements, the wettability of Sn-5Sb-0.5Cu-0.1Ni-0.5Ag was relatively favorable on copper substrates. Besides, Ni could accumulate at the solder/Cu interface and form a jagged (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 IMC.

This work was carried out with our handmade experiment equipment and the production of the quinary lead-free solder alloy used in wetting tests belongs to us. The investigated Sn-5Sb-CuNiAg alloys exhibited higher melting point and preferable wettability, that was one of the candidates for high-temperature lead-free solders to replace high-Pb solders, and applied extremely to high temperature and frequency working environments of the third-generation semiconductors components, with a greater potential research and development value.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how boundary-spanning search affects sustainable competitive advantage under the conditions that competitors also search and to test the moderating role of knowledge integration capability.

This paper classifies boundary-spanning search into proactive search and responsive search by considering competition and develops a theoretical model in which knowledge integration capability moderates the effects of proactive and responsive searches on sustainable competitive advantage. Empirical analyses were conducted on the data of 245 Chinese advanced manufacturing firms.

The results show that proactive and responsive searches have inverted U-shaped relationships with sustainable competitive advantage. Moreover, the relationships between proactive and responsive searches and sustainable competitive advantage are moderated by knowledge integration capability. Specifically, as knowledge integration capability increases, the inverted U-shaped relationship between proactive search and sustainable competitive advantage becomes flatter, whereas the inverted U-shaped relationship between responsive search and sustainable competitive advantage becomes almost linear.

This paper enriches the research of boundary-spanning search by considering competition and uncovers how boundary-spanning search affects sustainable competitive advantage under the conditions that competitors also search. Furthermore, this paper sheds light on that the effects of proactive and responsive searches on sustainable competitive advantage are even more complex than inverted U-shaped patterns and provides a contingent viewpoint to deeply understand the relationship between boundary-spanning search and sustainable competitive advantage.